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Brett Smith for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online

Based on an in-depth analysis of two ancient Egyptian mummies, an international team of Egyptologists have uncovered a series of clues that may have solved a 3,000-year-old murder mystery.

According to the team’s report in the British Medical Journal, Pharaoh Ramesses III was likely killed by conspirators during an attempted coup around 1155 B.C., confirming reports found in an ancient text known as the Judicial Papyrus of Turin.

“This study gives clues to the authenticity of the historically described harem conspiracy surrounding Ramesses III, and finally reveals its tragic outcome,” the researchers wrote in their report.

In their investigation, the scientists performed a detailed inspection of the two mummies’ morphology to assess preservation of the specimens and to record signs of either injuries or postmortem damage. Their analysis was based on information gathered using computed tomography (CT) scans and both an anthropological and forensic analysis.

The Egyptologists also took bone samples from different sections of the mummies and transferred them into sterile tubes. A genetic analysis was then performed in a laboratory in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and also in a second laboratory at Cairo University to investigate a possible family relationship between Ramesses III and a mummy recovered alongside the pharaoh, referred to as “unknown man E.”

The CT analysis of Ramesses III showed a wide and deep cut to the throat of the mummy. The scientists speculated it was caused by a sharp blade and might have spelled immediate death for the recipient.

The scan also revealed the presence of a Horus eye amulet just inside the wound. This was most likely inserted by the ancient embalmers as a ceremonial part of the mummification process, the research team said. They also noted the neck was unusually wrapped by a collar of thick linens.

The forensic analysis of unknown man E showed him to be between 18-20 years old. An inflated thorax and compacted layers of skin around the neck of the mummy pointed to a violent action, like strangulation, which probably led to his death, the authors wrote.

The experts also noticed the unknown man’s mummy was covered with a “ritually impure” goatskin—a signifier that he could have been punished via a non-royal burial procedure.

The genetic analysis of the mummies showed that Ramesses III and unknown man E shared a paternal lineage and certain genetic markers strongly suggested they were father and son. The analysis was unable to differentiate among the several sons of Ramesses III.

Being able to identify the unknown man’s mummy as Ramesses’ son, Pentawere, would have been crucial to unlocking the ancient mystery as he was the only son who revolted against his father during the coup, according to the papyrus text. The documents said Pentawere was found guilty at trial, and then took his own life.

Unfortunately, the Egyptologists were unable to close the book on the so-called ‘harem conspiracy’ that attempted to remove Ramesses from power. The Judicial Papyrus refers to Ramesses III as “the Great God,” and suggests he died before or during the trials. However, the texts also say the court received direct orders from the god-king, who would have had to survive the original attack.

First Harbor of Ancient Rome Rediscovered

Posted: December 15, 2012 by phaedrap1 in News
Tags: ,

Archaeologists have unearthed the great ancient monuments of Ostia, but the location of the harbour which supplied Rome with wheat remained to be discovered. Thanks to sedimentary cores, this ” lost ” harbour has eventually been located northwest of the city of Ostia, on the left bank of the mouth of the Tiber. Stratigraphy has revealed that at its foundation, between the 4th and 2nd century BC, the basin was deeper than 6.5 m, the depth of a seaport.

This research was carried out by a French-Italian team of the Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée (CNRS / Université Lumière Lyon 2), the Ecole Française de Rome and Speciale per i Beni Soprintendenza Archeologici di Roma — Sede di Ostia* and will be published in the Chroniques des Mélanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome in December 2012.

According to ancient texts, Ostia was founded by Ancus Marcius, the 4th king of Rome. This new settlement is supposed to have aimed three goals: to give Rome an outlet to the sea, to ensure its supply of wheat and salt and finally, to prevent an enemy fleet to ascend the Tiber. Archeological excavations showed that the original urban core (castrum) dates back to the turn of the 4th and 3th centuries BC. Major ancient buildings and main roads were progressively revealed, but the location of the Ostia river mouth harbour remained unknown to this day. For some, it was considered as lost forever. Since the Renaissance, many attempts to locate the harbour of Ostia were undertaken without success. It was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that Italian archaeologists defined an area north-west of the city, near the Imperial Palace. At the turn of the century, archaeologists confirmed the probable location of the basin, in that zone, by using geomagnetic instruments. However there was still no consensus on the exact location of the port and the debate was still alive.

A French-Italian team led by Jean-Philippe Goiran, CNRS researcher, has tried to definitely verify the hypothetical location of the harbour, by using a new geological corer. This technology solves the problem of groundwater which makes this area rather difficult for archeologists to excavate beyond 2 m deep.

Two sediment cores have been extracted, showing a complete 12 m depth stratigraphy and the evolution of the harbour zone in 3 steps:

1 — The deepest stratum, before the foundation of Ostia, indicates that the sea was present in that area in the early 1st millennium BC.

2 — A middle layer, rich in grey silty-clay sediments, shows a typical harbour facies. According to calculations, the basin had a depth of 6.5 m at the beginning of its operation (dated between the 4th and 2d centuries BC). Previously considered as a river harbour that can only accommodate low draft boats, Ostia actually enjoyed a deep basin capable of receiving deep draft marine ships.

3 — Finally, the most recent stratum, composed of massive alluvium accumulations, shows the abandonment of the basin during the Roman imperial period. With radiocarbon dates, it is possible to deduce that a succession of major Tiber floods episodes of the Tiber finally came to seal the harbour of Ostia between the 2nd century BC and the 1st quarter of the 1st century AD (and this despite possible phases of dredging). At that time, the depth of the basin was less than 1 m and made any navigation impossible. It was then abandoned in favor of a new harbour complex built 3 km north of the Tiber mouth, called Portus. This alluvium layer fits with the geographer Strabo’s text (58 BC — 21/25 AD) who indicated the sealing of the harbour basin by sediments of the Tiber at that time (Geographica, 231-232).

The discovery of the river mouth harbour of Ostia, north of the city and west of the Imperial Palace, will help better understand the links between Ostia, its harbour and the ex-nihilo settling of Portus, initiated in 42 AD and completed in 64 AD under the reign of Nero. This gigantic 200 ha wide complex became the harbour of Rome and the largest ever built by the Romans in the Mediterranean.

Between the abandonment of the port of Ostia and the construction of Portus, researchers estimate that nearly 25 years have passed. Rome was the capital of the ancient Roman world and the first city to reach one million inhabitants. So how was it supplied with wheat during that period? The question arises now researchers.

*This work was also carried out in collaboration with the Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme (CNRS / Aix-Marseille Université), the Universita Roma 3, the Institut Universitaire de France and received the support of the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche).

Science News

Hidden in the middle of the jungle, archaeologists are trying to uncover ancient secrets of Ciudad Perdida, the Lost City.

It is a place that has remained unknown to most of the outside world for centauries and even today, very few people are aware of its existence.

Ciudad Perdida, Spanish for “Lost City,” is one of Colombia’s most spectacular cultural heritage sites.

The “Lost City ” was inhabited by the Tayrona people until the end of the 16th century and tucked away within the lush jungles of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta not far from the Colombian coastline.

Ciudad Perdida, is made up of hundreds of stone terraces and rings, which archaeologists believe were used as foundations for temples, dwellings and plazas.

 

Ciudad Perdida is situated atop a mountain in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a UNESCO-inscribed Biosphere Reserve. Photo: poirpom/flickr

 

Although the Tayrona built more than 250 towns across a 2,000 square mile area, few are as large or as impressive as Ciudad Perdida, which is believed to have been a regional center of political, social and economic power, home to around 3,000 people.

 

After diseases introduced by the Spanish forced the Tayrona to abandon the city, it was forgotten until 1975, when looters accidentally rediscovered the site in their search for pre-Columbian treasures.It was taken over in 1976 by the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH), which began clearing forest and researching the site.

In 2009, GHF began working in partnership with ICANH to preserve Ciudad Perdida’s ancient features and to engage the local communities as major stakeholders in the site’s sustainable development.

In August this year, the growing global interest in Ciudad Perdida provided the lead story for CCTV’s Americas Now, an international broadcast news magazine.

 

View of the center area of Ciudad Perdida (“Lost City”) in north-eastern Colombia. Image credit: Wanderingstan

The program followed a tour group led by Dr. Santiago Giraldo, Director of GHF’s Colombia Heritage Program, as they trekked to the Lost City. Along the way, they met members of the Kogi indigenous tribe – descendants of the Tayrona – who are helped by the Tayrona Foundation for Archaeological and Environmental Research (FIAAT), which Dr. Giraldo helped to establish.

“What we would like, with the indigenous community and the peasant community, is to keep things at a manageable level, so that they have better livelihoods, but it does not get out of hand,” Dr. Giraldo said.

 

A boulder with carved markings, believed to be a map of the area around Ciudad Perdida. Image credit: http://flickrhivemind.net

Among those in the tour group featured on Americas Now was Dr. Barra O’Dannabhain, an archaeologist from the University College Cork in Ireland.

It was his first visit to the site, which he called one of the most impressive he’s ever seen. He insisted on the need to conserve it.

 

Ciudad Perdida has remained unknown to the outside world for a very long time. Image credit: Rutacol

“This has a relevance beyond Colombia,” he said, “because the story of Ciudad Perdida is of a vibrant, impressive culture that was wiped out by contact with Europeans…

We owe it to the dead generations, and also to their descendants who still inhabit the area today, to tell more about the story of what happened there.”

MessageToEagle.com based on information provided by Global Heritage Fund

Perhaps eclipsing the discoveries of Troy and King Tut’s tomb is the discovery of Atlantis. Now, two daring scientists, Paul Weinzweig and Pauline Zalitzki, claim they’ve found it. They discovered the submerged ruins of the ancient city off the shores of Cuba. In the distant past the region was dry land, but now only the island of Cuba remains above water. The ancient city is 600 feet below the ocean and the team of researchers led by Weinzweig and Zalitzki are convinced it is Atlantisthe city lost for more than 10,000 years.

Atlantis found in Bermuda Triangle

Two scientists, Paul Weinzweig and Pauline Zalitzki, working off the coast of Cuba and using a robot submersible, have confirmed that a gigantic city exists at the bottom of the ocean. The site of the ancient city—that includes several sphinxes and at least four giant pyramids plus other structures—amazingly sits within the boundries of the fabled Bermuda Triangle.

According to a report by arclein of Terra Forming Terra, Cuban Subsea Pyramid Complex, the evidence points to the city being simultaneously inundated with rising waters and the land sinking into the sea. This correlates exactly with the Atlantis legend.

The disaster may have occurred at the end of the last Ice Age. As the Arctic icecap catastrophically melted it caused sea levels to rise quickly around the world, especially affecting the Northern Hemisphere. Coast lines changed; land was lost; islands (even island continents) disappeared.

The Greek philosopher Plato wrote of lost Atlantis

At the end of last Ice Age sea levels were nearly 400 feet lower than present day levels. Once the waters began to rise, they rose swiftly. Conceivably, no technology then, or now, could have saved Atlantis from its watery grave. The evidence that land in what’s now the Caribbean also sank into the sea concurrently seems pretty certain.

Arclein observes: “At the time uplifted portions of the Mid Atlantic Ridge subsided also including Lyonese and the home islands and land mass around the Azores. Even if that had not happened, this subsidence was amply large enough.

‘Atlantis The Lost Continent’ [Image: MGM Studios]

“This would have produced an orthogonal pressure forcing subsidence to either East or West. Since the ridge between Cuba and Yucatan is the natural point of weakness between the Gulf subsidence basin and the Caribbean subsidence basin, it naturally subsided deeply. The driver for all this was the hydrostatic changes brought about by both the original crustal shift of 12,900 years ago that I have called the Pleistocene Nonconformity and the slow uplift of the Hudson Bay Basin brought about by the ending of the Ice Age.”

Cuban missile crisis stops research

According to journalist Luis Mariano Fernandez the city was first discovered decades ago, but all access to it was stopped during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis.

An artist reconstruction of the city of Atlantis

“The U.S. government discovered the alleged place during the Cuban missile crisis in the sixties, Nuclear submarines cruising in the Gulf (in deep sea) met pyramid structures. They immediately shut down the site and took control of him and the objects, in order that it will not come to Russians hands.”

The science team of deep ocean experts, archaeologists and oceanographers found ruins of ancient buildings 600 feet below the ocean. They say the city is Atlantis.

Look carefully, in the muky water a giant pyramid is visible [Image: LMF]

Pyramids and sphinxes bigger than Egypt’s

Evidence that the island of Cuba is the vestige of a once mighty culture is supported by Zalitzki’s discovery on the island of extremely ancient symbols and pictograms identical to those seen on the underwater structures.

A second giant pyramid photographed by the ROV [Image: LMF]

Using exploration submersibles, they discovered amazingly huge pyramid structures similar to (but larger than) the pyramids in Giza, Egypt. They estimate the Atlantis pyramids are constructed with stones weighing many hundreds of tons.

Robotic Ocean Vehicle (ROV) being lowered to site [Image: LMF]

Incredibly the ancient city also has magnificent sphinxes and “stones that arranged like Stonehenge, and a written language engraved on the stones,” reports Fernandez.

Crystal Atlantean pyramid also found in the Triangle

Another giant pyramid capped with what looks like a crystal was discovered by divers in the Bermuda Triangle [See: Giant Crystal Pyramid Discovered In Bermuda Triangle]

The gigantic structure, also perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S.

A discovery that rewrites world history

Could such a discovery change Mankind’s view of history? Yes, it could change everything.

Fernandez writes, “It has confirmed that the stones were cut, carved and polished to make them fit together and thus form larger structures. On the strange inscriptions, some of them similar to Egyptian hieroglyphics, very little is known, except that they are very abundant and found in almost all parts of the field. They have also appeared symbols and drawings whose meaning is unknown.”

The exploration of Atlantis, called Project Exploramar, is expanding to discover more of the mysteries of the mega-city.

Speaking with a scientist about the possibility that the ruins are indeed Atlantis, Fernandez reports the expert replied:

“…in the Yucatan cultures today is possible that what still remains of the aborigines of those places perhaps the Olmecs or some very primitive civilization of Yucatan, the northern part of Central America—originated according to them on an island that sank by a cataclysm. This island is called Atlanticú.”

That too fits the stories about the sudden demise of the wondrous Atlantis.

Atlanticú. Atlantis. The aboriginal natives still call it that in their history.

Fernandez interviews Pauline Zalitzki about Atlantis [Image: LMF]

During an interview about the exploration of the mega-city, Fernandez asked lead scientist Pauline Zalitzki about the civilaztion that built it.

“When we published the first news of this finding,” she said, “the University of Veracruz was interested in our work and we had recorded images of these structures on the seabed. Specifically, the Institute of Anthropology of the University excavations invited me. They were doing [studies] on parts and ruins of the Olmec civilization.

Sonar images of mega-structures on the seabed [Image: LMF]

“When they saw these submarine images [they] found similarities and parallels with the ruins found in these excavations that the Institute was undertaking.

Another image of an Atlantean mega-structure [Image: LMF]

“The Olmecs and other native peoples all have primary morphology marking the arrival of this continent. This mean coming from the direction of Cuba, and had to occur in a very large earthquake where their land sank. Morphologies indicate that they belong to three families who were saved. One of these families came to the coast of Veracruz, which are supposedly the Olmec. Others came to Central America and traveled to the Pacific coast, and these families created the civilization of the Americas as we know it today, because they distributed all their knowledge.

“When these anthropologists saw underwater images of this city, and saw some stone monoliths, some symbol, and inscriptions, they identified with Olmec motifs. They were very surprised.”

The Olmecs devolved from the survivors of Atlantis, a much superior culture destroyed aft the end of the Ice Age flooding. The world was reshaped and a super-civilization destroyed, remembered for millennia only in legend and a passing refernce by the philosopher Plato.

But Atlantis was real, is real: scientists Paul Weinzweig and Pauline Zalitzki have found it.

Terrence Aym

Some Nazca Lines are a Labyrinth, New Study Shows

Posted: December 10, 2012 by phaedrap1 in News, Science
Tags: ,

A five-year study by British archaeologists sheds new light on the enigmatic drawings created by the Nazca people between 100 BC and CE 700 in the Peruvian desert.

This aerial view shows the southern part of the Nazca labyrinth, including the central mound and the spiral that marks the outer end (Clive Ruggles)

The Nazca Lines are located in the arid Peruvian coastal plain some 250 miles south of Lima. They have attracted a host of theories purporting to explain them ever since they were discovered during the 1920s – notably the bizarre ideas of Erich Von Daniken who supposed they were made by visiting extra-terrestrials.

British archaeologists Dr Nicholas Saunders of the University of Bristol and Prof Clive Ruggles of the University of Leicester combined the experience and knowledge gained by walking the lines (they walked more than 900 miles of desert in southern Peru, tracing the lines and geometric figures), studying the layers of superimposed designs, photographing the associated pottery and using satellite digital mapping into the most detailed such study to date. The results have been published in the journal Antiquity.

In the midst of the study area is a unique labyrinth originally discovered by Prof Ruggles when he spent a few days on the Nazca desert back in 1984. Its existence came as a complete surprise.

“When I set out along the labyrinth from its center, I didn’t have the slightest idea of its true nature,” Prof Ruggles explained. “Only gradually did I realize that here was a figure set out on a huge scale and still traceable, that it was clearly intended for walking, and that I was almost certainly the first person to have recognized it for what it was, and walked it from end to end, for some 1500 years. Factors beyond my control brought the 1984 expedition to an abrupt halt and it was only 20 years later that I eventually had the opportunity to return to Nazca, relocate the figure and study it fully.”

Invisible in its entirety to the naked eye, the only way of knowing its existence is to walk its 2.7 miles (4.4 km) length through disorienting direction changes which ended, or began, inside a spiral formation.

“The labyrinth is completely hidden in the landscape, which is flat and virtually featureless. As you walk it, only the path stretching ahead of you is visible at any given point. Similarly, if you map it from the air its form makes no sense at all.”

“But if you walk it, discovering it as you go, you have a set of experiences that in many respects would have been the same for anyone walking it in the past. The ancient Nazca peoples created the geoglyphs, and used them, by walking on the ground. Sharing some of those experiences by walking the lines ourselves is an important source of information that complements the hard scientific and archaeological evidence and can really aid our attempts to make anthropological sense of it.”

The arid conditions have ensured the remarkable preservation of Nazca’s fragile geoglyphs for a millennium and a half. Nonetheless, segments of nearly all of the lines and figures – including the labyrinth – have been washed away by flash floods that occurred from time to time in the past. And, of course, people through the ages have walked across the desert plateau to cross from one valley to another.

The archaeologists have studied the integrity of many lines and figures within the study area.

“Meandering and well-worn trans-desert pathways served functional purposes but they are quite different from the arrow-straight lines and geometric shapes which seem more likely to have had a spiritual and ritual purpose. It may be, we suggest, that the real importance of some of these desert drawings was in their creation rather than any subsequent physical use,” Dr Saunders said.

This ground shot is taken along the innermost pathway of the labyrinth directly towards the central mound. This line widens out towards its terminus, creating a false perspective that makes it appear parallel as it stretches away into the distance (Clive Ruggles)

Certainly, the pristine state and well-preserved edges of the labyrinth suggest that it was never walked by more than a few people in single file. In fact, the survival of many geoglyphs seems remarkable given the proximity of the area to the pilgrimage center of Cahuachi, in the nearby Nazca valley, and the fact that people carried on walking across the pampa during the ensuing centuries right up to modern times.

Even if the labyrinth was not unique when it was built, it may well be the only such construction whose integrity has been preserved to the extent that it still can be recognized in today’s landscape.

“Excavations commonly uncover objects undisturbed for centuries and even millennia. But it is hard to conceive many places on the planet were you could still discover a human construction that has lain hidden on the surface of the ground for as long as 1500 years, simply by walking along it and seeing where your feet take you,” Prof Ruggles said.

_______

Bibliographic information: Clive Ruggles and Nicholas J. Saunders. 2012. Desert labyrinth: lines, landscape and meaning at Nazca, Peru. Antiquity, vol. 86, no. 334, pp. 1126–1140

Published: Dec 10th, 2012

 

sarcophagus of ancient egyptian pharaoh
The mummy of Merneptah was encased in a series of four sarcophagi, set one within the other. After his tomb was robbed, more than 3,000 years ago, he was reburied elsewhere and his two outer sarcophagi boxes were broken up.
CREDIT: General Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musee du Caire: The Royal Mummies Le Caire, 1912, public domain

The largest ancient Egyptian sarcophagus has been identified in a tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings, say archaeologists who are re-assembling the giant box that was reduced to fragments more than 3,000 years ago.

Made of red granite, the royal sarcophagus was built for Merneptah, an Egyptian pharaoh who lived more than 3,200 years ago. A warrior king, he defeated the Libyans and a group called the “Sea Peoples” in a great battle.

He also waged a campaign in the Levant attacking, among others, a group he called “Israel” (the first mention of the people). When he died, his mummy was enclosed in a series of four stone sarcophagi, one nestled within the other.

Archaeologists are re-assembling the outermost of these nested sarcophagi, its size dwarfing the researchers working on it. It is more than 13 feet (4 meters) long, 7 feet (2.3 m) wide and towers more than 8 feet (2.5 m) above the ground. It was originally quite colorful and has a lid that is still intact. [See Photos of Pharaoh’s Sarcophagus]

sarcophagus of ancient egyptian pharaoh
The lid of the second sarcophagus bearing an image of Merneptah. This would have been completely enclosed by the outer sarcophagus box and lid.
CREDIT: Photo courtesy Wikimedia

“This as far as I know is about the largest of any of the royal sarcophagi,” said project director Edwin Brock, a research associate at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, in an interview with LiveScience.

Brock explained the four sarcophagi would probably have been brought inside the tomb already nested together, with the king’s mummy inside.

Holes in the entrance shaft to the tomb indicate a pulley system of sorts, with ropes and wooden beams, used to bring the sarcophagi in. When the workers got to the burial chamber they found they couldn’t get the sarcophagi box through the door. Ultimately, they had to destroy the chamber’s door jams and build new ones.

“I always like to wonder about the conversation that might have taken place between the tomb builders and the people from the quarry,” said Brock in a presentation he gave recently at an Egyptology symposium in Toronto. “This study has shown a lot of interesting little human aspects about ancient Egypt [that] perhaps makes them look less godlike.”

sarcophagus of ancient egyptian pharaoh
Archaeologist Lyla Pinch Brock at work reconstructing a giant outer sarcophagus box belonging to Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah.
CREDIT: Photo courtesy Edwin Brock

When he first examined fragments from Merneptah’s tomb in the 1980s, they were “piled up in no particular order” in a side chamber. Even when put together, the fragments made up just one-third of the box, meaning researchers had to reconstruct the rest.

Brock’s efforts got a boost with the launch of a full reconstruction project (affiliated with the Royal Ontario Museum) that started in March 2011.  (Merneptah’s tomb has been recently re-opened to the public.)

The four sarcophagi

Not only was the pharaoh’s outer sarcophagus huge but the fact that he used four of them, made of stone, is unusual. “Merneptah’s unique in having been provided with four stone sarcophagi to enclose his mummified coffined remains,” said Brock in his presentation. [The 10 Weirdest Ways We Deal With the Dead]

Within the outer sarcophagus was a second granite sarcophagus box with a cartouche-shaped oval lid that depicts Merneptah. Within that was a third sarcophagus that was taken out and reused in antiquity by another ruler named Psusennes I. Within this was a fourth sarcophagus, made of travertine (a form of limestone), that originally held the mummy of Merneptah.

Only a few fragments of this last box survive today; the mummy itself was reburied in antiquity after the tomb was robbed more than 3,000 years ago. It was after this robbery that the outer sarcophagus box, and the second box within it, were broken apart (the lids for both boxes being kept intact). They were destroyed not only for their parts but also to help get at the third box (that was reused by Psusennes).

Fire was used in breaking apart the outer sarcophagus box.

“Scorch marks, spalling [splinters] and circular cracking on various locations of the interior and exterior of the box attest to the use of fire to heat parts of the box, followed by rapid cooling with water to weaken the granite,” writes Brock in his symposium abstract, adding that dolerite hammer stones also appear to have been used.

Why so big?

Why Merneptah built himself such a giant sarcophagus is unknown. Other pharaohs used multiple sarcophagi, although none, it appears, with an outer box as big as this.

Brock points out that Merneptah’s father, Ramesses II, and grandfather, Seti I, both great builders, were apparently each buried in one travertine sarcophagus.

The decorations on Merneptah’s different sarcophagi offer a clue as to why he built four of them. They contain illustrations “from two compositions that describe the sun god’s journey at night, one is called the ‘Book of Gates’ and one is called the ‘Amduat,'” Brock said. These books are divided into 12 sections, or “hours.”

sarcophagus of ancient egyptian pharaoh
This scene depicts hour five of the “Amduat,” a book that also chronicles the sun god’s journey at night. In this section he passes through the cavern of a god named Sokar. When re-assembling the box archaeologists had to temporarily leave an opening that allowed them to work on the interior.
CREDIT: Photo courtesy Edwin Brock

He notes that the same hours tend to be repeated on the box and lids of Merneptah’s sarcophagi. One motif the king appears particularly fond of is the opening scenes of the “Book of Gates,” including one depicting a realm that exists before the sun god enters the netherworld, according to Egyptologist Erik Hornung’s book “The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife” (Cornell University Press, 1999, translation from German). “Upon his entry into the realm of the dead, the sun god is greeted not by individual deities but by the collective of the dead, who are designated the ‘gods of the west’ and located in the western mountain range,” Hornung writes.

For the king repeating scenes like this over and over may have been important, it’s “as though they’re trying to enclose the [king’s] body with these magical shells that have power of resurrection,” Brock said.

The research was presented at a Toronto symposium that ran from Nov. 30 to Dec. 2 and was organized by the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities and the Royal Ontario Museum’s Friends of Ancient Egypt.

LiveScience

Owen Jarus

 

Quantum physics and recent scientific experiments are radically changing our understanding of life, our reality, and our spirituality. It is giving us a new model for the way our universe works and the practical steps to take toward true joy and excitement and peace of mind. Quantum Physics is actually a science of mathematics, and it is the most accurate mathematical science ever discovered to explain what we see in our “reality.” The mathematics used to create a hologram is the same mathematics used in quantum physics to “describe nature” and explain the behavior we see in our “reality.” This is...

Quantum physics and recent scientific experiments are radically changing our understanding of life, our reality, and our spirituality. It is giving us a new model for the way our universe works and the practical steps to take toward true joy and excitement and peace of mind.

Quantum Physics is actually a science of mathematics, and it is the most accurate mathematical science ever discovered to explain what we see in our “reality.” The mathematics used to create a hologram is the same mathematics used in quantum physics to “describe nature” and explain the behavior we see in our “reality.”

This is why quantum physicists say that the universe seems to be more like a hologram than solid reality and more and more scientists and researchers in addition to quantum physicists are now agreeing.

Electrons, which are the building blocks of what we call “reality,” are not solid particles at all, but exist as waves of possibilities. In this wave form, they are called “quanta,” which is why the study of how they behave is called “quantum physics.”

Electron – the core element of what we call our “physical reality” – is only a solid particle, is only matter when someone is looking at it. Otherwise, it’s a wave, and not solid at all.

– Double Slit Experiment (watch what it is)

Richard Feynman, a famous quantum physicist, once said that if you really understand the Double Slit experiment, you can understand all of quantum physics, and how the entire universe works as well.

When we speak of an electron existing as a “wave,” it isn’t like an ocean wave, or a radio wave. It is more like a wave of possible locations where the electron could end up as a particle when it is observed – a wave of possibilities.

This “wave of possibilities” in which the quantum world exists has been called many names over the years, such as…
•    the “quantum wave function”
•    the “implicate order”
•    the “Planck Scale”
•    the “zero point field”
•    the “superstring field”
•    the “unified field”

Mainly it is just called “the Field.” It is a field of unlimited possibilities out of which everything is created.

The Field – it is a field of unlimited possibilities out of which everything is created.

Lynne McTaggart, author of “The Field,” defines it as “a field of all possibility.” (page xxi)

In other words, everything you can think of, and everything you can’t think of, and everything no one can think of, already exists in wave form in the Field.

So…. The “Field” is a “place” outside of space and time where everything (all possibilities) already exists, but only in “wave” form. This field does not contain particles; it is not matter; it is not part of the physical universe. Instead it is what the entire universe is made from – from these waves of possibilities.

The problem is that no one can prove that the Field exists. You can’t see it; you can’t photograph it; you can’t measure it; you can’t hold it in your hand. But when quantum physicists assume the Field is there, they can make incredibly accurate mathematical predictions about the physical universe and how it behaves, which they can not do without taking the Field into account.
Think of it like electricity. You can’t see electricity itself; you can only see what electricity produces.

In the words of Albert Einstein“Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one.”

But this idea that “reality” is an illusion is not a new concept. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism all talk about Maya, or life as an illusion.

“The real sky is knowing that samsara [the physical world] … merely an illusory display.”
Mipham Rinpoche, Quintessential Instructions of Mind, p. 117

The Kabala says that “the first aspect of God is all that there really exists; all else is an illusion.”

A Course in Miracles puts it this way… “In any state apart from Heaven [in the physical world] life is illusion…. Outside of Heaven, only the conflict of illusion stands; senseless, impossible and beyond all reason…. Illusions are but forms. Their content is never true.” – T-23.11.18:8-19:9

What quantum physics has done is…

1. Scientifically confirmed what many other people have said about “reality” being an illusion, and…
2. Discovered that “reality” is actually a holographic picture that only looks and feels real.

The Holographic Universe – Invitation

The Holographic Universe – Workshop Part 1/5

This is Part One of a 5-part workshop series designed to examine how quantum physics and recent scientific experiments are radically changing our understanding of life, our reality and our spirituality.

Part One of the workshops is an 86-minute movie. Watch it as a streaming video below or by clicking here to watch it on authors web site. To watch on an iPad, click here. Download it as an .avi movie file (900 MB) by clicking here and watch it on whatever movie player you have.

 

There are 5 parts of this workshop, they are free and you can download them all to your computer. See the rest of them here as they can’t be found on You Tube.

Butterflies are Free to Fly: A New and Radical Approach to Spiritual Evolution is a free ebook written by the same author of The Holographic Universe workshops. You can download it in various different formats (including for Kindle, Sony, and other pocket readers) by clicking here. It is also available as an audiobook for free to listen to on any mp3 player. You can download the audiobook by clicking here. You can read a synopsis and the Introduction by clicking here.

Visit Stephen Davis YT channel here. His websites can be found @ www.butterfliesfree.com and www.holographicuniverseworkshops.com.

Featured image: mytopfbcover.com

 

The Watchers — By Adonai

ScienceDaily (Nov. 28, 2012) — Archaeologists from the University of Rhode Island, the Israel Antiquities Authority, and the University of Louisville have discovered the remains of a fleet of early-19th century ships and ancient harbor structures from the Hellenistic period (third to first century B.C.) at the city of Akko, one of the major ancient ports of the eastern Mediterranean. The findings shed light on a period of history that is little known and point to how and where additional remains may be found.

The discoveries were presented on November 15 and 17 in Chicago at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research by URI assistant professors Bridget Buxton and William Krieger on behalf of the Israel Coast Exploration project.

According to Buxton, three of the four well-preserved shipwrecks found off the coast south of Akko were first detected using a sub-bottom profiler in 2011. Later, storms stripped off several meters of inshore sediments and temporarily revealed the wrecks, as well as an additional large vessel. The wrecks are now reburied.

During the brief time the shipwrecks were exposed, the Israel Antiquities Authority investigated one of them: a 32 meter vessel which still preserved its brass gudgeon (rudder socket) and many small artifacts, such as plates, a candlestick, and even a cooking pot with bones in it. Laboratory analyses completed this summer by the IAA revealed that the ship’s wood came from Turkey. The team believes these ships may have belonged to the Egyptian navy under Admiral Osman Nurredin Bey, whose ships were severely damaged in his attempt to capture Akko in the Egyptian-Ottoman War of 1831. The town eventually fell to Egyptian land forces under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832.

“These ships have occasionally been exposed and buried again by storms since we found them,” Buxton said. “We’re in a race against time to find other ships in the area and learn from them before storms totally dislodge or destroy them.”

Although shipwrecks from the 1800s are not the highest priorities in a region where civilization goes back thousands of years, Buxton is excited by the discovery for what it tells her about where much older ships may be found.

“Like many underwater archaeologists I’m very interested in finding a well-preserved example of an ancient multi-decked warship from the Hellenistic age,” said Buxton. “These ships were incredible pieces of technology, but we don’t know much about their design because no hulls have been found. However, a combination of unusual environmental and historical factors leads us to believe we have a chance of finding the remains of one of these ships off the northern coast of Israel.”

Buxton believes that the ships they are looking for are likely buried in the coastal sediment, which has built up over the centuries through natural processes. However, time is not on their side. “That protective silt is now being stripped away,” she said. “And it’s being stripped away a lot faster than it was originally dumped, by a combination of development, environmental changes, and the effects of the Aswan Dam.” The Nile River has historically deposited large quantities of silt in the area, but the dam has significantly reduced the flow of silt.

The archaeologists found the ships and another early modern vessel within Akko’s modern harbor while testing their equipment in preparation for an ongoing survey out in deeper water. The sub-bottom profiler detects anomalies below the sea floor. “It’s the gift that keeps on giving,” Buxton said. “We found so many targets to explore that we didn’t have time to check all of them, but even just having information about where things are helps Koby (Jacob Sharvit, director of the IAA Maritime Antiquities Unit) know where to look after any big storms.”

One line of buried targets detected off the southern seawall of old Akko is particularly suggestive. Continuing excavations in this area over the summer revealed an alignment between these targets and a newly-discovered slipway and shipshed structure, which continued out under the sea floor 25 meters from the Ottoman city wall. The feature resembles other naval shipsheds found in places such as Athens where they were used to haul up ancient warships. The excavation project was initially undertaken to strengthen the eroding sea wall, but it also revealed Hellenistic masonry, pottery vessels, an ancient mooring stone, and a stone quay 1.3 meters below the modern sea level. The possibility that much more of the Hellenistic port lies well-preserved under the sea floor is exciting for the archaeologists, because it means that shipwrecks from earlier centuries that have so far not been found at Akko may simply be buried deeper down in the sediment.

“We’ve got fragmentary historic records for this area in the Hellenistic period, and now we’ve found a very important feature from the ancient harbor. Ancient shipwrecks are another piece of the puzzle that will help us to rewrite the story of this region at a critical time in Mediterranean history,” she said.

Located on the northern coast of Israel, the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Akko is one of the few cities in the Mediterranean with more than 5,000 years of maritime history. Also known as Acre, Ake and Ptolemais, its port was an important waypoint for the Phoenicians, Romans, Crusaders, Ottomans and other ancient maritime empires. In the Hellenistic period, it was bitterly fought over by the rival empires of Egypt and Syria.

“Understanding the history and archaeology of Akko’s port is crucial to understanding the broader issues of maritime connectivity and the great power struggles that defined the history of the Eastern Mediterranean during the Hellenistic Age,” Buxton said.

The astonishing success of Dan Brown’s bestselling book, The Da Vinci Code, and the radical overreaction to it by orthodox and fundamental forms of Christianity is revealing; obviously its subject strikes a powerful chord in our psyche. Although Brown’s work is fictional, the subject of a sacred relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene, the inclusion of the Sacred Feminine, and the mystery of the Holy Grail all touch a deep part of us—a place that intuits a greater and archetypal truth. Whether knowingly or unknowingly, when Dan Brown writes about secret societies preserving the inner and mystical tradition of original Christianity, and of secret knowledge being passed down from one generation to another concerning mysteries of hieros gamos, or the “sacred marriage,” he points directly to living traditions of Gnostic Christianity. The mysteries are only partially spoken in his book, and the context in which they are put may differ from the teachings of actual gnostic traditions. However, the basic ideas presented accord very well with the Sophia Tradition of Gnostic Christianity. Some four years ago, as I was writing the sections of The Gnostic Gospel of St. Thomas that discuss the relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene, I had no idea the subject would become so popular. Today, of course, I’m constantly being asked what Sophian Gnosticism teaches about this sacred relationship. And though the subject is approached in my book, there is certainly more that can be shared.

First, it must be said that nowhere in the New Testament does it state that Jesus was celibate. As a matter of fact, in Judaism an unmarried man is considered incomplete. Typically, all Jewish holy men—teachers and prophets alike—were married. It would have been highly unusual for a recognized rabbi (teacher) to be single. Originally, Christianity was a Jewish spiritual movement, and Jesus taught Jewish individuals primarily. Bearing that in mind, it would have been easier for students to accept that Jesus was married than to accept a rabbi unwilling or unable to sustain a marriage. This is quite the opposite of the unnatural view we have been lead to believe—that the union of Jesus with a wife and consort would somehow diminish his spiritual status. The truth is that it would have exalted him all the more, and this is precisely the Sophian view.

Jesus’s interactions with various women as recorded in the gospels prove very interesting when one understands the plight of women in ancient Palestine. At that time, Jewish women had no legal standing, could not own property in their own name, could not bear witness in court, and could not speak in their own defense. They could, however, be divorced on a whim by a man. They had little part in Jewish spirituality at the time, and certainly did not hold spiritual authority or have the right to be taught directly by a holy man. Yet, Jesus teaches a Samaritan woman at a well, and she goes into her town and brings others to him, bearing witness of him. He praises a poor widow who gives all that she has into his circle’s treasury. He delivers a woman from a death sentence for adultery, and he heals a woman considered unclean from a twelve-year illness. He even raises a young girl, the daughter of Jairus, from the dead. Again and again he appears relating directly with women. When male disciples attempt to keep children away from him, as though they were an inconvenience, he insists on seeing them and blessing them, in accordance with the wishes of the mothers who brought their children to him. In other words, he had a radically different view of the feminine than others in the time and place in which he lived. It would seem that he intended to bring about a balance between the masculine and feminine in the spirituality he taught.

In the gospels when Jesus sends his disciples out to teach and initiate he sends them in pairs, telling them two must go out together. In a letter to the Corinthians, there is an interesting hint as to what the disciples going out to minister in pairs might have actually meant. We have been lead to believe that it was the twelve male disciples sent out in pairs, yet it is written: “Do we not have the right to be accompanied by a believing wife, as do other apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas?” (I Corinthians 9:5) This seems to allude to a man and woman going out together to teach and initiate, not two men unaccompanied by women. Likewise, it reflects the idea that the balance between male and female was likely a strong part of the original Jesus movement.

Although the place of the Sacred Feminine and the sacred relationship between Jesus and Mary is never spoken outright in the canonical gospels, there certainly are some interesting hints.

For example: In addition to St. John, three women have the faith and courage to be present at the crucifixion. Meanwhile, all of the other men are in hiding, too afraid to show their faces. Interestingly enough, the image of three women brings to mind the three principles of the Sacred Feminine and the cycles of a woman’s life—the maid, mother, and crone.

Women accompany Mary Magdalene to the tomb of Jesus, as if they were serving as an escort to a widow in mourning. And it is to Mary Magdalene that the Risen Savior first appears, as though to his most dearly beloved. In the Sophian Tradition, the woman who anoints the body of Jesus with costly perfume before the crucifixion, though unnamed, is said to be Mary Magdalene. This alludes to a priestess-queen preparing a priest-king for a rite of sacred sacrifice—a mythical event commonly associated with the pre-Christian mystery traditions of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. In other words, there are hints even in the canonized Scriptures of a deeper mystery transpiring in the Gospel—one that included the Sacred Feminine and the supreme mystery of hieros gamos.

Gnostic Scriptures are significantly more straightforward with regard to the sacred relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene; the inclusion of the Sacred Feminine; and the mystery of hieros gamos in the Christ revelation. In the Gospel of St. Thomas—albeit in a somewhat awkward fashion—the final saying clearly cites the equality of men and women by putting forth a statement of Jesus saying he will make Mary Magdalene “male” like the men who are his disciples. In saying this of Mary, he says this of all women—that in Spirit they are equal to men. The Gospel of St. Philip goes even further, clearly stating that Mary Magdalene was the wife and consort of Jesus, and that he taught her more than any of his male disciples. This gospel even alludes to her as Jesus’s equal and co-preacher of the Gospel. In the Gnostic Gospel entitled Pistis Sophia (“Faith-Wisdom”), Mary Magdalene is portrayed as his inmost disciple and serves in a capacity much like that of a divine muse; inspiring and facilitating the outpouring of secret knowledge from the Risen Savior.

The sacred texts of Gnosticism found in the Nag Hammadi library get even more explicit if one understands the language of initiates of ancient Mystery Schools. According to Gnostic Scriptures, there are five sacred rites: baptism, chrism, wedding feast, ransom, and the bridal chamber. The term “wedding feast” is what Christian Gnostics call the Eucharist of bread and wine, while the term “bridal chamber” connotes the mystery of hieros gamos (the sacred marriage). Although the exoteric idea of redemption from sin may play of role in the rite of the holy eucharist as performed in some traditions of Gnostic Christianity, the true nature of “salvation” is, in fact, quite different. The idea is not so much a salvation from “original sin,” but salvation by restoration to the original blessing, which occurs in the unification of male and female. Accordingly, the bread represents the Logos and the wine represents the Sophia, the male and female aspects of the Christos. Thus the Eucharist is a ceremony celebrating their mystical union or sacred marriage—the union of the Divine Masculine and Feminine through which all creation transpires, as well as redemption through divine illumination.

This original blessing is reflected in Genesis in the story of the creation of the First Adam (literally, the first human being). At the outset, Adam is both male and female and therefore in a state of hieros gamos. It is only when there is a division between male and female—Adam and Eve—that cosmic ignorance enters into play and the “fall” from a state of grace transpires. Thus, from a Sophian perspective, it is through the dynamic balance and unification of the masculine and feminine that “redemption” through divine illumination occurs. The male and female are actualized and made complete in one another. And, in their union, the great creative power of Divine Being flows through them. This state of restoration to unity of the male and female is called the Second Adam, the Great Seth, or the Image of the Bridal Chamber in Sophian Gnosticism.

This alludes to a very different meaning in the symbol of the cross as it is understood in some schools of Christian Gnosticism. Like the symbol of the lingam-yoni in Eastern Tantric Traditions, which represents the union of the Divine Male and Female energy, the holy cross bears the same meaning in Gnosticism: the vertical axis is the Divine Masculine, Christ the Logos, and the horizontal axis is the Divine Feminine, Christ the Sophia. These two cosmic principles are personified by Jesus and Mary Magdalene in the Gnostic Gospel as taught in the Sophian Tradition.

In Sophian teachings, first and foremost this union of masculine and feminine principles is understood inwardly, within oneself—a “sacred marriage” of the male and female aspects of ourselves on psychic and spiritual levels. On a psychic level (or mental-emotional level), this means the union of the male and female aspects of our psyche through which our personality and life-display are brought into a full and harmonious manifestation and our true intelligence and creativity becomes expressed. On a spiritual level, it is the union of the heavenly and earthly aspects of our soul of Light through which we experience various states of higher consciousness or divine illumination.

Yet, in the Sophian teachings, this union is not exclusive to the spiritual and psychic levels. It is also spoken of in terms of physical union—a sensual and sexual mysticism that views love-play as a holy sacrament that embodies the Light of the original blessing in which we were conceived, both above and below. In other words, the Sophian teachings propose a dynamic balance between heaven and earth in our lives. They consider our bodies and lives as sacred expressions of our souls of Light. The body and soul are equally holy from a Sophian point of view.

If the idea of Jesus as married seems strange or offensive, or the idea of the inclusion of our bodies and sexuality in our spirituality sounds outrageous, then there is certainly something within us in dire need of being acknowledged and healed. Quite frankly, the idea that our bodies and sexuality must be excluded from our spiritual life and practice, or are in some way opposed to enlightenment or God, is a strange and unnatural idea that makes very little sense (at least from a Sophian perspective). After all, our bodies and lives are part of God’s creation. So is the drive of creatures to the joy of procreation, and our own recreation in our human experience of love and sexuality. If this is true, then the whole of ourselves and our lives is inherently sacred and holy, assuming we open ourselves to embody something of the Divine within them. Isn’t this the true message of the myth of the Divine Incarnation central to the Gospel: that the human being is meant to embody something of Divine Being? Such embodiment of Divine Being implies a complete integration of the Divine into all aspects of ourselves and our lives. This must necessarily include our body and sexuality also; hence the celebration of hieros gamos on all levels.

To the Gnostic Christian, the belief that Mary Magdalene was the wife and divine consort of Jesus does not diminish him as the Christ-bearer. Rather, this Gnostic view includes her as Christ-bearer also, so that in the sacred marriage of Jesus and Magdalene we have an image of Christed manhood and Christed womanhood—supernal or Messianic consciousness embodied in male and female form. To speak of the enlightenment and liberation of all human beings, but to reject the idea of an enlightened woman does not seem to make much sense. How would Christ-consciousness be different whether embodied by a man or a woman? Why would women be isolated from it? These are certainly questions Sophians would ask, and questions that are integral to the Sophian view of the Gospel.

There is a plethora of myths and legends in the oral tradition of Sophian Gnosticism, including various myths concerning the Holy Grail. In the Sophian Gospel, this holy relic is not created by Joseph of Arimathea, but by St. Mary Magdalene. While some stories speak of the Grail as an actual cup in which Mary caught some of the blood and water flowing from the side of the Savior, others clearly speak of Mary herself as the Holy Grail. This idea plays out in a number of different ways.

There certainly are teachings that tell us Jesus and Mary conceived a child through their sacred marriage, and that tell us about the mystery of the Sangreal as the lineage of the royal blood-line that followed. One can only wonder at the kind of soul such parents might draw into incarnation while enacting the mystery of the hieros gamos. Truly, it would seem a soul of a very high grade would be drawn into such a sacred and holy union. Indeed! This is reflected by the name given to the child in Sophian legends, St. Michael, a name literally meaning “one who is like unto God.” Other legends speak of a daughter named Sarah, which is the name of the “Mother of the True Faith.”

The idea of Mary Magdalene as the Holy Grail goes beyond this, however. As the divine consort of Jesus, the Sophian teachings propose that the full Supernal Light of the Messiah pours into her. They speak of her as the inmost disciple of Jesus to whom he imparted all teachings; the outer, inner, and secret teachings, along with their corresponding initiations. Likewise, as the first to receive the gnosis of the Risen Savior, she is the First Apostle, and bearing the full teachings of the Gospel, she is the Apostle of the apostles—the foundation of the True Church, from a Sophian perspective. Essentially, all streams of the apostolic succession flow out through her, as though she is a Holy Grail overflowing with secret knowledge and wisdom that “feeds the hungry, gives drink to the thirsty, and heals the sick.” Thus, she is the embodiment of Christ the Sophia, just as Yeshua is the embodiment of Christ the Logos in the Sophian Gospel. Through their union the full Light of the Messiah shines forth; hence the metaphor of the Holy Child called “St. Michael.”

These ideas are not exclusive or necessarily original to Gnostic Christianity. But, as I mentioned above, they reflect the influence of the gnosis within the ancient pagan Mystery Schools of the Middle East, along with the influence of Jewish gnosis taught in Merkavah Mysticism and the Kabbalah. They have existed in human consciousness for a very long time, and no doubt will continue to echo and resurface in various forms. By nature, these ideas are archetypal and are innate to our human experience. They are integral to who and what we are as human beings. So it is not surprising that a fictional book based upon them will strike a very deep cord in us and attract a lot of attention, both positive and negative. Something in us feels there is some truth to what Dan Brown is writing about, and that part of us is correct—there is some truth to it, on some level. Indeed! There always have been individuals who believed Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, from the very outset of Christianity, and who believed she played an essential role in the Christ revelation. Likewise, there have been and are now secret societies or esoteric orders that preserve oral traditions surrounding these beliefs, some of which, perhaps, are becoming a bit more open with their views and teachings in modern times and, thus, a bit less secretive.

There is certainly much more than can be said on these mysteries. Ihe oral tradition among Sophians, there is a wealth of myth and legend concerning Mary Magdalene and her flight to what has come to be known as Southern France. In The Gnostic Gospel of St. Thomas, as well as my forthcoming books, more of the oral tradition among Sophians about the Holy Bride, St. Mary Magdalene, will be disclosed, along with other Gnostic teachings.

If I were to share something practical here it would be this: If one simply opens one’s mind and heart to the idea of the sacred marriage of Jesus and Mary Magdalene—and specifically to St. Mary Magdalene herself—and one contemplates her and meditates upon her, one will find her presence quite healing and might experience an amazing transformation in one’s consciousness and life. She tends to have that effect on women and men alike! This is enough to invoke a spiritual or mystical experience of Mary Magdalene if one desires to know her. It is said that her presence is swift to come to those who believe in her and who seek her—she is always very near! Perhaps this is also part of the power of The Da Vinci Code and other books being published in which Mary Magdalene plays a part—they naturally invoke the presence of the Sacred Feminine, of which she is a powerful personification.

References: The verse quoted is from the NRSV of the Bible.

This article was written by Tau Malachi

The Llewellyn Journal

 

The Legends of the Garden of Eden and The Angels

Posted: December 2, 2012 by phaedrap1 in Anunnaki, Occult
Tags: ,
Such stories as the creation, the garden of Eden, the flood and the angels of the Bible and other related religions, may have been derived from the earliest literature of mankind. These stories were first written down by the earliest literate civilization of man, the Sumerian civilization over 5,500 years ago. Their nation was located in southern Mesopotamia, but their influence spread from Eastern Europe to India and Egypt. Most languages today have traces of Sumerian loan words in them, even when not related to them.
Their language belonged to the “Ural-Altaian” language family of Eurasia, which is unlike the Semitic, Indo-European or Indo-Chinese in grammar and is more like Hungarian, Turkish, Finnish, and Dravidian (of India). These languages share the largest amount of vocabulary and what is much more important, a similar agglutinative grammatical structure. Because of the very special place the Sumerians have in human history, the Indo-European and Semitic scholars have tried vainly to isolate them into a special category, after they couldn’t force them into their own language families. A few enlightened Western European scholars however have stated that, of all the living languages of the world, Hungarian has the most in common with this ancient dead tongue.
In Sumerian mythology the “sons” of heaven, were categorized into three main groups. The main group was capable of creating life and able to have off- spring of their own. These were called the DINGIR.
The eunuch like second group was originally the servants of the main group and was called the ANU-NAKI. The third group was known as the EGIGI or IGIGI, which often had some specific task and outpost on the planet. All of them may have came from beyond this planet and lived it seemed to the locals for eternity. The book of ENOCH also talks of a group, which came as reinforcement later and were racially different from the others, and these were to perform some basic work for the “angels” among the human population. Their governor according to ENOCH, was called SATANAIL. They are the ones who broke the laws of heaven and took the daughters of men to be their wives, and from them they had children. The punishment for this was the flood, which was to allow a new start and to destroy the mistakes of these fallen angels.
From the scanty literature available to us, such as the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian literature, the Bible and the Book of Enoch, some people have generalized the basic characteristics of the 7 leading, archangels and their names. Christian O’Brian in his book “The Genius of the Few”, has used this method and has hit the nail right on the head. The reason I believe that he is correct is because I have tried a different approach, using ancient Sumerian and Hungarian as a reference, and was able to substantiate his claims. The definitions of the meaning of the titles of the archangels which I define at the beginning of each name, all derive from Christian O’Brians evaluation, based on ancient religious literature and is followed by my linguistic analysis.
In our literature concerning the seven archangels the following names are often listed:
Michael -A militaristic guardian angel (NIN-URTA)
Gabriel -The governor of Eden (NIN-LIL)
Uriel -Ruler of all, surrounding Eden (EN-LIL)
Raphael -Healing arts. (EN-KI)
Raguel -Judging and monitoring
Sariel -Punishment of crimes (Ner-gal/Ninurta)
Remiel -Responsible for spreading the word & news
As is readily apparent, all these names end with EL, which was the title of the “angels”, just like the “gods” of the Hebrews, the Elohim. I have included some of the Sumerian equivalents of the names in brackets, known to us from their mythology. The most detailed account of the activities of the angels, is given by Enoch, who supposedly lived before the flood. He was recruited by the angels to perform such duties as being a go between, or messenger, between angels and men, and to be a scribe or keeper of records. His accounts were written down and have been passed on for thousands of years. His stories are very unusual, and are the stories of a simple primitive man in the bewildering and amazing world technically incomprehensible to man until recently.
At this point let us dispense with the religious view of what an angel is and simply try to understand what the earliest civilization of man handed down to us, without any preconceived bias. In the words of the Sumerians, what we call angels, were called by them ANU_NAKI meaning, “from or of the sky”. AN meant “sky, heaven, high and chief god” and NAK was the genitive & locative suffix which we write separately as “OF”. Similarly in Hungarian the Sumerian AN word is found as MENY, while the NAK suffix is also the genitive/locative and means OF, or relationship. Variations of this suffix are found in most Ural-Altaic languages to which Hungarian belongs. However there is another unusual use of the Hungarian suffix NAK, reserved for the highest administrative positions, which originally served the king. That is why prime minister (EL-NOK), spokesman (SZO-NOK), treasurer (TAR-NOK), engineer (MER-NOK).. used such titles. In ancient Sumerian city states, these most important positions were held by the second rate angels, the ANU-NAKI. The eastern neighbors of the Sumerians, the Elamites also used the NAK title for the king. Only after the ANUNAKI finally left was the government handed over to the first human king, who was recorded to be ETANA of the city of KISH. This same ETANA is in Hungarian mythology as the father of the first empire builder, the great hunter NIMROD, rather than the Biblical Kush. It is interesting that certain eastern Scythian traditions call the ancestor of their people Kush-Tana, a combination of the two. In Sumerian mythology, unlike the Bible version, it was ETANA and not Nimrod, who wished to visit heaven the home of the “gods”, and he succeeded with the help of an “eagle”.
Returning to the meaning of the titles of the seven archangels, who were the ruling council which directed the activities of the “angels”. If we remove the suffix EL, then we are left with their functional title, when using the Sumerian language as our guide. Sumerian IL, Akkadian ELI means “high, above,highness”. Hungarian fel=upward, fen=above, on=upon.
MICHA, MISH or MASH (Michael) refers to heroes/prince in ancient Sumerian, as it does in Dravidian, Ugrian, and ancient Scythian tongues. In Hungarian stories the “heroes” are often called MISKA and hero tales are also called MESHE. The heroic name refers to the military position of Michael as the guardian and protector. The symbol of the hero is a serpent in Sumerian, since it had a similar name, called MUSH.
In ancient cultures the serpent was often the symbol of rejuvenation, rebirth, healing as well as service and wisdom. That is why the earliest Mesopotamian art represented the mother goddess with a female body and a serpent-like head. This tradition can be traced also in Scythian legends. Hungarian tradition claims that they are also a Scythian race. In the east, the dragon was also the title of heroes as well as a symbol of fertility and wisdom. For these reasons in Hungarian traditions the MISKA mug is in the shape of the upper torso of a traditional Hungarian soldier, the hussar, with the serpent on its belly. It was drunk in celebration of heroes and in remembrance of family members, who have passed away.
GABR, GAVR (Gabriel), was the female governor of Eden. If we observe that the original Latin word for governor, was “GUBERnator”, then again the ancient GABR title is recognized. Like many languages the B became V or was then deleted altogether, leaving KOR to be the root word for government in Hungarian. According to Sumerian tradition, the governor of Eden was often called Nin-Ti, “lady of life” who was responsible for “genetic engineering” in our modern vernacular. She was the Baudug-Gasan “great bountiful queen” and Nin-Mah “great mother” or as the wife of lord En-Lil she was called Nin-LIL, who helped create 7 prototypes of Homo Sapiens from combining genetic material from wild primitive man and a compatible angel. She was also called the lady of the mountain “Nin-Hursag”, since Eden was supposed to be located in a mountain valley. Since in the Sumerian word Nin-Ti, “TI” also meant rib, the later Babylonian translations of the “Lady of Life” became “Lady of the Rib”. It was this corruption of her name which lead in time to the Biblical Eve to be created from Adam’s “rib”. While other angels were prone to have work in and out of their colony, Nin-Lil’s main responsibilities were in Eden. The GUB root word in Sumerian means to stand or stay, while GUBA meant to stand firm. (Hungarian Guba-szt). Similar to her name “hursag”, the Sumerian word “uru-zag” was also a synonym for kingdom/territory as is “ursag/orszag” in Hungarian. The name of Eden in Sumerian accounts was called “kar-sag”. While the Sumerian word “Edin”, which remained as the name of EDEN could mean several things in Sumerian, such as “edin” (uncultivated highlands, borderlands), or “e’-din” (the house of creation). The great queen goddess in the Emegir Sumerian dialect was NIN, similar to Magyar “Neni”, while the “mother language” Emesu/Subar dialect called the queen “Gasan”, which is the source of the Hungarian/Sabir? “Aszony”, which up to the Middle Ages also meant queen. In early Mesopotamia, east of Sumeria, the Elamites also called the queen-goddess “ASAN”, which is even more like modern Hungarian. No wonder that early Hungarians called their beloved Great-Queen mother goddess Nagy-Aszony or Boldog Aszony, which in Sumerian was also called BAU or BAU-DUG GASZAN. Today all titles have lost their original meaning, just as in English. Everyone has become a Sir and a Lady, no matter how undeserving they are.
UR or AR (Uriel) was the chief guardian and ruler of earth. In Sumerian accounts he was normally called EN-LIL, the chief “god” of earth and represented by the atmosphere and air. In later ages the title UR was passed on to kings, whose chief function came from their responsibilities as guardians of their territories and their people. That is why the UR name means guardian in Sumerian as well as hero and lord. In the ancient Hurrian language of norther Mesopotamia, the UR name became IUR meaning “king”. The Hurrians also spoke a Ural-Altaic like agglutinative language, just as the Sumerians and the Elamites. Similarly in ancient Egyptian UR also meant king and kings were considered by them to be of divine origin. In Hungarian the lords or kings are also known as UR, while guards are also called similarly OR. This is also similar to the Old Bulgar word “Ur-ugh”, from their original Hunnish language, before they were absorbed by their Slavic subjects. Besides the title UR the name of EN-LIL is completely understandable in Hungarian, since En was a title of lords, as in the Hungarian pronoun ON today is the first person pronoun of special respect. The word LIL refers to air and breath in Sumerian as it does today in Hungarian Lel-ek, Lelk, Lehel and so on. This is a common word in the western Ural-Altaic languages.
The term LI in Sumerian however had another different meaning, which refered to life, and was symbolized by a potted plant. That is why he was the father of life and the soul/breath which animates the material body. In Hungarian “Lelek”, refers to soul and “el” refers to life, while “lehel” the breath. Lel was also a name of one of the great lords, during the Hungarian settlement in the 9th century. Several Hungarian rulers of the seven tribes/nations also had ancient Mesopotamian GOD names. Arpad/Egyptian Erpat, Huba/Elamite Huba, Tohotom/Tehemtem -ancient Iran, On-d/Sumerian An, Kende/Keykendi of ancient Baktria the ancestor of the Hungarian Szemere clan.
RAPH or RAB or RAV (Raphael) is known as the archangel responsible with the healing arts. In ancient times the shaman was responsible with the healing arts. In Sumerian he was called TAL-TAL, which in Hungarian is TAL-TOS. His method often required communication with the spirits, who could heal the sick and remove the evil spirits from the body. The Sumerian shaman was no primitive, like many shamans in primitive societies are. He knew and utilized hundreds of complex medicines, whose ingredients scientists are studying today from their old medicinal books. The Hungarian term REV, pronounced just like the English RAVE, means the ecstatic trance in which the shaman enters the other dimensions. In Sumerian ARA also meant the raving, howling sound made. The REV also means the “ferry” boat which crosses a river. The other dimension (heaven or hell) was often reached by crossing a symbolic river. In modern Hungarian the medical doctor is called ORV-os, which is derived from the ancient eastern word ARB-is, who were one of the seven priestly casts of the old Magian religion of the Hungarians. They were responsible with healing and were especially competent doctors. Many early Hungarian skulls have been found showing surgical marks, with the patients surviving the operation. The Hungarian name for doctor uses the RAB or ARB variation of the root-word found as part of the RAPH-ael name.
RAG (from RAGUEL) was responsible with sentencing or bringing to justice those who broke the laws. In ancient Babylonian “RAGUMU” was the suit brought against the defendant. Similarly in Hungarian “RAGA-lom” is the suit against the defendant. The “lom” is just a suffix of abstract concepts. In Sumerian the RIG word, which is the source of RAGUEL, simply meant to talk or speech, with which a case is typically presented to a council. Similarly REGE in Hungarian is a story given in speech like sing song fashion, like a saga. It is also related to the qualities of the voice (rikkan,rekedt). In old Hungarian the REGOS were the bards who sang or told stories of heroes and religion. The council of elders, and the subject of knowledge they represented in Sumerian is called TAN, just as in Hungarian and several other Ural-Altaian languages, including even Japanese. The decision which they brought forward, based on deliberation by a judge, is called BAR in Sumerian as it is in Hungarian BIRO=judge. The word is also found in a close eastern relative of the Hungarian language, the Chuvash, as BAR. The word was also adopted into English, through the influence of the Huns. Even the remnant of the early Akkadian-Babylonian word for lawyer UGIDU is found in modern Hungarian Ugyved.
SAR (from SARIEL) is responsible with the punishment of the guilty, the guardian of their imprisonment who isolates the criminals and “encloses” them in a penal holding area. In Sumerian the SAR word also means to enclose. Similarly SA means inner, while SAG means inside. Sar also meant 3600 in Sumerian, which was the closing of the circle and is related to the somewhat idealized period of 360 days in a year. It was the Sumerians who first divided the circle into 360 degrees. Similarly in Hungarian ZAR means lock or enclose, while EZER also means a thousand. The old Ural-Altaic number system, unlike any others in the world, was based on 6 and 60, like Sumerian, in which the decimal places were in multiples of 6 or 60. That is why Hungarians still say “hatvany”, when expressing the idea of multiplying the effectiveness of something. This word is derived from 60 (hatvan), the ancient multiplier.
There is a controversy of who or what ZARA-THUSTRA the founder of the Magian religion was and when he actually lived. Some mistakenly associate him with the early history of the Persians, who were rather latecomers to the region of present Iran/Persia. In the Bible it is the MAGI, who visited the newborn Christ child in Bethlehem, since they prophesied his coming beforehand. Indeed Christ was often called a Magian by the Jews, due to his mother’s Parthian ancestry. The earliest mention of the MAGI was as one of the six ethnic tribes of the Madja (Mede) confederacy of northern Mesopotamia, which was later conquered and absorbed by the Persians. The Magi also settled in the eastern part of the Persian Empire. The ancient and classical historians claim that Zarathustra lived long before the coming of the ancestors of the Persians around 500BC to Iran. The early Greeks claim that he was none other that Nimrod of the Bible, or Ninurta of the Sumerians. This of course is impossible to substantiate now because of all the legends which grew up around him over time. The Biblical stories of Nimrod and Abraham, for example occurred millenniums after the flood, long after the original Nimrod supposedly ruled. According to the Babilonians 131 years after the flood, while Hungarian Chronicles state 201 years. The Hungarian number must be recalculated to compensate for the ancient 60 based system, which results in 121. Could he be the same as the archangel Sariel? Perhaps. It would explain the many miraculous things that Zoroaster or Nimrod did, who was the mythical father of the Scythians and Magyars.
REM,REV (from REMIEL) is the most difficult of functions to really characterize. He was supposed to be the messenger and bringer of news and information. However the root word REM is normally associated with welcome, gladness, happiness which is RU and DUG in Sumerian. RA-GABA however means courier. In English there is a wonderful parallel word to this association, since REVEL is to enjoy something but REVEAL is to disclose hidden information. Both of these words are related to REM. These also associate with the definition of Raphael discussed before. In Hungarian O-ROM is also happiness, as in ancient Persian RAMA. However ROV and IR in Hungarian is to inscribe and write, which is important for sending messages. The same word in Sumerian is SAR and their scribes were called DUB-SAR. The bringing of tidings and good news, was a cause of celebration and good times it seems. Perhaps the following root words are also part of the name of SAR; IR=to bring, RI=traverse (Hungarian Yar), MU=a ship or vessel (Hungarian yar-MU).
The Sumerian “angels” were greatly revered before and after their disappearance and in later ages were thought to be “gods”. Early Mesopotamia was populated by a host of non-semitic people like the Sumerians, Subarians, Hurrians, Kasites, Elamites and Medes who spoke similar languages. Every Sumerian city was supposedly founded by one of these “angels”, who lived for many human lifetimes amongst the people. They however did eat, drink and had children like humans and some even made serious mistakes and broke the law. That is why many old religions gave such human-like characteristics to these false “gods”. The “angels” themselves however believed in only one heavenly father, who was called AN in Sumerian, and who lived in the sky or heaven, from whence they also came. However not necessarily from the highest “heaven” of AN. Perhaps this is why some of the ancient religions of the Greeks, Babylonians, Egyptians had such a multitude of “gods”, who often were too human like for us to consider them to be godlike.
In Sumerian the name of the highest god was called AN. However there was another expression which often described him, as the single, one and only god, with the term Isten. (Hungarian isten) This term is often described to mean one, but was never used for mathematics. In many central Asian languages the god of heaven and sky was called TEN, or TENGRI, a word much like the Sumerian DINGIR, meaning god or angel. The best description of the meaning of ISTEN is found in the ancient book from Persia called the DAB-ISTAN (book of god), written by a people before the coming of the Persians. It talks of the perfect unity, the uncreated creator, the ONE god of the universe as being ISTEN or YSTEN. This same word was used by the Babylonians to mean ONE and only. In Sumerian ASH=one, first and TEN= creator. The chief creator of the gods was called lord of the Earth “en-ki”, who was also called Daramah, which has also been translated as great stagg, but which also means creator in Hungarian as “terem-tö”. His name perhaps explains the origin of the Hungarian myth of origin, called the legend of the stagg, which is often called a totemic origin myth, but may in fact be just a symbolic legend, whose story is recreated yearly as the movements of the constellation ursa major and the birth and death of the seasons. That is described in articles dealing with the Legend of the Stagg.
 
Alfred Hamori, 1995